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$500,000 and $1 million, with the heftiest pay going to only a few major stars, like Mr Newman or the British rock star, Sting, who appears in ads on behalf of Kirin beer.

According to Mr Ina at Dentsu, American stars have been appearing in Japanese commercials since the 1950s. At that time they were the ultimate status symbol, since only a few companies could afford them. Instead, most relied on Japanese actors and actresses, who routinely appear in commercials.

“When we heard we needed $1 million, well, we thoug ht that is really a lot of money,» he said.

But the world has changed. The dollar has plummeted in the last years, and so American movie stars, like US golf courses and office buildings, have become quite reasonably priced in yen terms.

In fact, Mr Ina notes, the money is no longer a problem. The problem is finding enough stars.

Exercise 1. a) Read the text and choose the best answer.

1)Why are American stars ‘eagerly appearing’ in Japanese commercials?

a)The stars are paid large sums of money.

b)The commercials are only run in Japan.

2)Why do American stars rarely appear in commercials in the United States?

a)They are not paid enough.

b)In the United States, appearing in a commercial is the sign of a declining career.

3)Which of the following statements is true?

a)All actors are paid the same fees for appearing in Japanese commercials.

b)British stars can earn as much as American stars for appearing in Japanese commercials.

b) Give examples of celebrities advertising in Russia. Do you think that appearing in a commercial will harm their image?

Exercise 2. Read the text and answer the questions.

1.How can you comment on the title of the text?

2.What celebrities did the company use for endorsing their products?

3.What is the main advertising principle of the company?

4.How did Nike manage to achieve global success?

Nike: Celebrity Advertising

Back before the Swoosh logo and long before the days the company was called Nike, there was Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS). It was the company Phil Knight, the founder, and legendary track coach Bill Bowerman created in 1964 to provide athletes with better shoes. Their first year sales totaled around $8,000. It wasn’t until 1971 that BRS introduced the concept of the Greek winged Goddess of victory— Nike. Well-known logo appears on the famous red shirts, Nike is the international empire today. By using famous athletes to endorse Nike’s products, Knight has been

able to expand into many different sports. In 1974 Jimmy Connors collected his Wimbledon trophy wearing Nike shoes. Carl Lewis jumped and ran in Nike shoes to win four gold medals at the 1984 LA Olympics. In 1995 Nike signed a contract with the racing driver, Michael Schumacher. At the Atlanta Olympics in 1996 Michael Johnson won the gold medal in the 400 metres wearing his now famous Nike gold shoes.

Nike’s mission is to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. Knight himself says his number one advertising principle is to wake up the consumer, and Nike’s adverts are daring and attention grabbing. One example is the advert of Pete Sampras and Andre Agassi playing tennis in the streets of Manhattan.

Nike created a powerful image around the basketball player Michael Jordan. He became a superstar, and it was his image as part of the Dream Team, which helped the company to become world-famous. In 1997 Tiger Woods won the US Masters and Nike moved into another sport – golf. I n 2000 the company signed a 300 million deal with Manchester United, which has 50 million fans worldwide.

Sportswear giant, Nike expanded its celebrity-advertising list to include hiphop artist, Nelly. In 2003, Nike released 1,000 pairs of the rapper’s $120 limited edition Air Derrty sneaker. The sneakers reportedly sold out within hours.

Today, Nike’s unmistakable trademark ‘swoosh’ is instantly recognisable on sports shoes and clothing the world over, and celebrity advertising has certainly been crucial to this global success. For the fiscal year ending May 31, 2007, the company reported record revenues of $16.3 billion, a $1.3 billion increase over last year’s earnings.

Exercise 3. Write an essay about the advertising strategy of a well-known Russian company.

II. ADVERTISING AS A CAREER

Text 1.

Is Advertising your Cup of Tea?

This great business of merchandising employs millions of whitecollar workers, from clerks in the stores to top executives in the big department stores and the advertising agencies. For most clerks the salaries are low, but they are among the highest in the United States for top executives.

Most people think «advertising» is mainly or entirely concerned with the creative process. In fact, only a relatively small number of the jobs available within the industry are to be found in this area. While there is a considerable range of creative jobs, these vary greatly in importance and remuneration.

Despite its glitzy reputation, by no means all advertising work is glamorous or highly paid. On the other hand, it offers an extraordinary wide range of interesting different jobs and career paths. And it’s one of the recognized jumping-off points for posts in top management later on.

It’s also quite a small business in terms of numbers. Because of the small numbers it employs, only a few of the many people who want to work in advertising succeed in finding jobs in it. Also, the ‘wastage rate’ afterwards is rather high in some areas.

For gifted and determined people, on the other hand, it can be a particularly satisfying career which also offers constant opportunities for advancement, or a change of direction.

Just all advertising jobs demand an interest in people. This is more or less the only common denominator. If you don’t like people very much, advertising won’t be your cup of tea. The other qualifications depend on the specific job, which can call for very different interests, aptitudes and temperaments.

Only a few exceptionally gifted creative people are employed in advertising agencies to produce the major advertising campaigns. This apart, the skill sets and necessary qualifications of writers and artists have to be considered separately.

Exercise 1. Give English equivalents to these words and expressions.

Служащие, доступный, рекламное агентство, творческий процесс, рассматривать, с другой стороны, жалованье, возможности для продвижения, относительно малое количество, руководители, приносящий удовлетворение, признанный, высокооплачиваемый, добиться успеха, одарённые люди, более или менее.

Exercise 2. Answer the questions.

1. What do you think is the meaning of «your cup of tea» in the title of this

text?

2.Is advertising always concerned with the creative process?

3.Are salaries in advertising business the highest in the United States?

4.Why is advertising work so attractive for people?

5.Is it easy to find a job in advertising?

6.What opportunities does advertising offer?

7.All advertising jobs demand an interest in people, don’t they?

Text 2.

Advertising as a Career in the USA

Careers in advertising may involve working for advertisers, media, advertising agencies, or suppliers and special services. In opinion of American specialists, at most, only 35 colleges and universities in the USA have effective programs of advertising education. Fewer than 10 offer any truly significant amount of graduate work in advertising. However, advertising draws people from a variety of educational backgrounds.

Advertisers. Most companies that advertise extensively have advertising managers, or brand managers. Because these people help to coordinate the company’s advertising program with its sales program and with the company’s advertising agency, they must have aptitudes for both advertising and management.

Media. All media use salesmen to sell advertising space or broadcasting time. Media salesmen must be knowledgeable about business and skilled in salesmanship.

Advertising agencies. A variety of specialists is required in an advertising agency because it develops advertising programs, prepares advertisements, and places them in media. Those interested in advertising research and fact gathering should know both statistics and consumer psychology. Competence in media planning and evaluation is essential for a career in media. The media buyer must identify and determine the most effective media in which to expose the advertising messages, and purchase space or time in these media.

Copywriting requires creative writing skills and ability to visualize ideas. The copywriter is a developer of advertising ideas and messages.

Layout, typography, and visualization are essential for those in art, both for print advertising and for television commercials. Print-production specialists must know printing, photoengraving, and typography.

Experience in «show business», dramatics, photography, music, playwriting, and allied fields are excellent backgrounds for the television producer.

Besides, every agency needs the account executive to be a mediator between an advertiser and an agency who should have accountant background and managerial skills.

Supplies and special service such as marketing research organizations, television and radio producers, film producers, art studios, photographers, producers of display materials, typographers, photoengravers, and product and package designers support advertising.

Job prospects. More than 0.1 % of the U.S. population work in advertising, but their numbers are expected to grow rapidly. Opportunities for rapid advancement are generally greater in advertising than in most other industries. How rapidly a person moves up in responsibilities and pay is based largely on his own efforts, more than on age or length of employment. For women, opportunities in advertising — at least in advertising agencies and in retailing — te nd to be greater than in most other business enterprises.

In general the rate of pay is comparable to that of business executives and professional men, such as physicians and lawyers in the same community.

Exercise 1. Translate the combinations «noun+ noun».

Consumer psychology, media buyers, purchase space, television commercials, print-production specialists, show business, the account executive, accountant background, graduate work, brand managers, sales program, media salesmen, display materials, product and package designers, business enterprises, business executives.

Exercise 2. a) Write out jobs in advertising mentioned in this text. b) Make a plan of the text for speaking about careers in advertising.

Exercise 3. Read this advertisement and write other ads for specialists required in an advertising agency.

TVWA RUSSIA & TEQUILA

ADVERTISING AGENCIES are looking for:

∙ ACCOUNT MANAGER

Male / Female

Good experience in the advertising / marketing field

Computer literate Fluent English

Ability to work full time & under pressure For consideration please fax

your resume to 933 76 59 or e-mail: tvwa@tvwa.ru

Exercise 4. Read and discuss the text. Can you read between the lines?

Learn to read between the lines. We are fond of not quite saying what we mean. This is often because we want to make something sound more attractive than it really is. This happens in a lot of job advertisements. Here are some aids to understanding the secret code.

1.This is a position of responsibility: you will be doing two people’s work if you accept the job.

2.Small friendly office: the room is so small that those who work together are all packed into it like sardins.

3.The successful applicant must enjoy hard work: you will have to stay late every night, never take holiday, and work at home at week-ends.

4.Opportunity for training on the job: this will give us the opportunity of bossing you around mercilessly and paying you a tiny salary.

Text 3.

Advertising in the Russian Media

The U.S. Information Agency and the Russian group Okno-Reklama held a meeting at an international conference, whose aim was instruction and exchange of experience. The problems were merely outlined — and it is clear that most publications face a similar set of such problems.

In Russian periodicals, as Prof. Obermeyer of the United States pointed out, line ads, or personal announcements, are almost non-existent. By contrast, newspapers in the United States earn up to 50 percent of their proceeds from line advertisingThe.»expulsion» of private advertisers from our newspapers started quite a while ago, in the days of financial pyramids, when it was far more profitable for a paper to print ads from Khopyor Invest, MMM, and similar bubbles. There was no

room in the papers for ads from private individuals who could not afford to pay for them. Khopyor and others of the same ilk vanished in the end, but the private advertiser never returned to the general political newspaper, having got used to special advertising weeklies like “Iz Ruk v Ruki “( From Hand to Hand). Not because announcement can be placed there free of charge, but because the private individual knows that many more people are likely to see his announcement in an advertising tabloid than in a serious paper.

Serious papers, however, do not have the knack of working with big-time advertisers, who help many of them to survive, either. The advertiser tends to get cross when there are no phone calls from readers of the paper in which he has placed his ad. The trouble is that the newspaper has a good designer, but lacks a good copywriter, as he is known in the West, that is, a professional who brings home the ad’s message, making it psychologically palatable.

How do matters stand with Russian newspapers? If the advertiser is Russian, the paper will painstakingly reproduce the ad’s original text to the last comma. If he is a foreigner, the paper will make a primitive word-for-word translation of his ad, like this one: «Our shampoo is for healthy hair.» Does this imply that it is unsuitable for unhealthy hair? Wouldn’t it be better to write «This shampoo will make your hair healthy»?

Actually, most of newspapers’ and periodicals’ advertising-related problems stem from copywriters’ lack of professional skills. The common belief is that no special training is needed here — you can pick up t he necessary skills as you go along. Here is a real-life example: One ad leaflet dropped in private mail boxes reads: «Poverty-stricken students will take up any kind of work — railroad car unloading, rubbish disposal, entrance hall cleaning, ad campaign organizing.»

While a newspaper can afford to send its advertising agents somewhere for training, who is expected to teach the editors to take seriously their ad service? A blank wall still exists between the editorial staff and the advertising agents. Editors scold copywriters, blaming them for the failure to attract advertisers. The copywriters retort: «They don’t come because you don’t make a good job of the paper. What you print is not interesting.»

If such discussions were face-to-face, there might have been some positive results. But what we have is behind-the-back attacks. Simply Russian newspaper editors are not in the habit of discussing the paper’s creative concept with its ad service. It is only right and proper that such impressive conferences should teach people who already work as copywriters how to put ads together. But they would also do well to teach others, so that the paper might be widely read and the ads pay off.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text. Learn these word combinations.

To hold a meeting; exchange of experience; to outline the problem; to face a problem; Russian periodicals; by contrast; line advertising; quite a while ago, to get used to; free of charge; serious papers; word-for-word translation; the common belief; the editorial staff; to make a good job; creative concept; to do well.

Exercise 3. Find two typical advertising texts in English and in Russian. What peculiarities of advertising are presented here? Choose the words creating the positive image of the advertised product. Make groups of verbs, nouns, adjectives. Compare them with «the Russian advertising vocabulary».

Exercise 4. Translate these sentences from English into Russian.

1.I’d give them a high rating.

2.The product appeals to the 25-35 age group.

3.There were banners stretched between the houses advertising the festival.

4.The launch was very successful.

5.There was a display of the latest research at the trade fair in Frankfurt.

6.As part of the promotion we are offering prepaid coupons.

7.There’s not much demand for these products.

8.Classified ads are advertisements which are grouped together under certain headings, e.g. property, personal.

9.Label is a small piece of card or material attached to product to show name, price, etc.

10.Advertisements are most expensive at prime time.

III. LANGUAGE AND PSYCHOLOGY

Text 1.

The language of advertising. Persuasive Advertising

Here are some methods used in persuasive advertising. Read them quickly. Decide which appeal to you and which don’t. Now think of an example for each type from your country.

1.Repetition. The simplest kind of advertising. A slogan is repeated so often that we begin to associate a brand name with a particular product or service.

2.Endorsement. A popular personality is used in the advertisement.

3.Emotional appeal. Advertising often appeals to basics such as mother love, sex, manliness, femininity.

4.Scientific authority. Sometimes the advert shows a person in a white coat

(i.e. a scientist) telling us about the product. More often it mentions “miracle ingredients” or “scientific testing” to persuade us .

5. “Keeping up with the Joneses.” An appeal to pure snob value. You want to appear to be richer or more successful than your neighbors.

6.Comparison. The advert lists the qualities of a product in direct comparison with rival products.

7.An appeal to fear or anxiety. This type is similar to number 3, but works on

our fears.

8.Association of ideas. This is usually visual. Until it became illegal in Britain, cigarette advertising showed attractive, healthy people smoking in beautiful rural situations.

9.Information. If a product is a new, it may be enough to show it and explain what it does.

10.Special offers / free gifts. This is a very simple and direct appeal – it’s ha lf

price!

11.Anti-advertising. This is a modern version which appeals to the British sense of humour. It makes fun of the techniques of advertising.

Exercise 1. Discuss the methods of advertising as described in the text above. Give examples illustrating these points.

Exercise 2. Do what the marketing instructor suggested her students should do. Comment on the results of your observations. (From a letter to the editor of “U.S. News and World Report”).

My MBA marketing instructor taught us that sex, fear, hedonism (наслаждение) and irresponsibility sell consumer products. She suggested we watch and analyze television commercials for these four attributes. At the time I thought she was a bit cynical, but, surprise, she was entirely correct. Break all the rules and you will succeed in the corporate world. Is it any wonder so many social problems exist when so many of our citizens reject the basic rules of a civilized society?

Exercise 3. Effective advertisement design takes full advantage of buyers’ ad reading habits. What attracts, interests, convinces and prompts the buyers? Match these parts.

Exercise 4 . Explain how you understand the following quotations:

1.Advertisements contain the only truth to be relied on in a newspaper. (Gefferson Thomas)

2.You can fool all the people some of the time, and some of the people all the time, but you can not fool all the people all the time. (Lincoln Abraham)

3.Advertising contributes to a high standard of living. (U.H. Borden)

Text 2.

Survey Reveals Divide Over Youths Desires

Seventy-nine percent of young Russians believe their lives will be better than their parents’, while only 46 percent of their counterparts in Europe share the same belief, a new poll has found.

A wide gap divides the expectations and social attitudes of twenty-somethings in Russia and Europe, according to a study conducted by advertising and PR group BBDO Russia. BBDO (founded by Batten, Barton, Durstine, Osborn in 1928) is a worldwide advertising agency network with its headquarters in New York.

Young Russians are less afraid to show off their bodies and are more focused on achieving financial fortune than Western Europeans, BBDO Russia found in a study conducted in cooperation with other advertising and PR companies in the Omnicom Group.

The report surveyed 1,600 people in seven countries of the European Union and Russia to see what drives 18 to 31 year olds. The study, conducted via focus groups and online surveys, tried to uncover new trends to recommend more effective branding strategies to clients, said the managing director of advertising agency BBDO Moscow.

«There are unique cultural differences,» he said during the survey’s presentation.

Some of the greatest differences highlighted by the survey were in the attitude to fame and sexuality. Forty-one percent of Russians identified becoming famous as one of their goals, compared to only 19 percent of Europeans.

The survey also said that only 36 percent of young Russians feel equally comfortable in the company of homosexuals and heterosexuals, while 65 percent are open to sexual experimentation. The corresponding figures for Europeans are 60 percent and 53 percent.

Meanwhile, young people in Russia are much more focused on work and success than their West European counterparts. Only 13 percent of surveyed Russians said they wanted to retire as soon as possible after earning some money, compared to 45 percent of their European peers, BBDO found. As much as 66 percent, versus 59 percent of European respondents, believe that they are in control of their own successes and failures.

The understanding of a good life is different in Russia and in Western Europe, Ulrich Sass, strategic planning director at BBDO Moscow said during the survey presentation.

Пожалуйста, помогите сделать это

My name is Carol Albert and I 2) … (write) to you about the advertisement in today’s newspaper for the secretarial post. I 3) … (leave) school and at present I 4) … (study) shorthand and typing at night school. My typing speed 5) … (be) 60 wpm and my shorthand speed 6) … (be) 80 wpm. I 7) … (take) courses in Computer Studies, Accounting and Office Management and I … (feel) that these courses 9) … (give) me a lot of experience for the post you 10) … (advertise). I 11) … (hope) that you will consider my application. I 12) … (enclose) a C. V. with my personal details and other information which I 13) … (think) may interest you. I 14) … (look) forward to hearing from you very soon.