Ошибка контрольной суммы при установке postgresql

This page is intended to help people collect information to troubleshoot problems with the PostgreSQL Installers supplied by EnterpriseDB.

Many problems have already been identified and fixed, so make sure you’re using the installer for the latest point-release of PostgreSQL before reporting a problem.

Because some problems can’t be fixed in the installer, but are issues with the Windows installation or how it is being used, there is also a list of frequently asked questions and frequently encountered problems with PostgreSQL on Windows. Please read the common installation errors section, or preferably the whole document. You’ll probably save some time and hassle by doing so.

If you’ve tried all that, and you’re still having problems getting PostgreSQL installed, please read on to find out how you can collect the information we need to be able to help you with installation problems.

Make sure you’re installing on a supported platform

See the installer download page and (for Windows) the Running & Installing PostgreSQL On Native Windows for platform support details.

Please do not ask the mailing list for help with installation on unsupported Windows platforms. However, one of the paid PostgreSQL consultants, or EnterpriseDB (who make the PostgreSQL installer) may be able to help you on a paid basis.

Try again without your virus scanner or 3rd-party firewall

The Windows FAQ discusses potential issues with antivirus software and 3rd-party firewalls. If you’re encountering any installation issues, please try again with your virus scanner uninstalled (not just disabled) to see if the problem goes away. If it does, please report the fact to the mailing list and to the vendor of your antivirus product.

Read about other common installation problems

Before reporting a problem, please read the windows FAQ to see if your problem is one we’ve already seen and found a workaround or fix for.

Reporting an installation error

To be able to help you with an installation problem, we will need you to collect some basic details about your computer and the problem. Please see the instructions below.

Note down the basic information about your system

Any problem report must include:

• The exact words of any error message you see when the installation fails
• The exact version of PostgreSQL you are installing
• Whether you installed a 32-bit or 64-bit release of PostgreSQL
• The operating system and version you are using, eg:
  • «Windows XP Professional with Service Pack 3»
  • «Mac OS X 10.4.2»
  • «Fedora Core 14»
• Whether you are running a 32-bit or 64-bit version of your operating system
• How you ran the installer. Command-line arguments, what user account you ran it from, etc.
• What antivirus and/or software firewall products you have installed, if any, even if they are disabled
• Which, if any, of the troubleshooting instructions you have already tried
• Whether a previous version of PostgreSQL was installed, and if so:
  • whether you uninstalled it before running the new installer
  • If you uninstalled a previous version, whether you did it with the uninstaller or some other way
  • Whether you removed the postgres user/service account when you uninstalled
• Additional details and platform-specific information as described below

Collect the installer log file

The installer creates a log file in the system ‘temp’ directory. This will log all manner of data about the installation, and is invaluable when troubleshooting. The log will be called install-postgresql.log if the installation completed successfully. If not, the installer may not have been able to rename it, in which case the name will be either bitrock_installer.log or bitrock_installer_xxx.log, where xxx is a number (actually the process ID of the installation attempt).

On Linux and Mac systems, the logfile will almost always be found in the /tmp/ directory.

On Windows, the easiest way to find the logfile is to click Start -> Run, enter %TEMP% in the box and then click OK (these instructions apply to Windows XP and 2003 — adjust as necessary for other versions).

Get the contents of the PostgreSQL server error log

The PostgreSQL server has its own error log. This may not exist if installation failed early on, but it can be very informative for errors that happened later in installation. You can find it in the «pg_log» folder inside the data directory you chose for PostgreSQL. If it exists, please include it in any problem reports.

Windows users must collect additional Windows-specific details to help troubleshoot installation issues:

• (On Windows Vista and Windows 7): The UAC security level
• Whether you started the installer by logging in as Administrator, started it from from your own normal user account, or ran it using the «Run As Administrator» menu option.
• Whether your computer is a part of a Windows domain. Home computers usually are not, business computers usually are.
• Whether your computer and network has any Group Policy configured. If you’re on a corporate windows domain you probably have group policy and need to ask your network administrator for details about it.

Windows: Check for messages in the Windows event log

Please check the Windows Event Viewer for messages that might be related to installation problems or service startup problems.

TODO: detail on how to collect and save events.

Windows: Check what Group Policy, if any, is active on your computer

TODO: instructions for collecting domain and local group policy.

Windows: Take a copy of the environment variables set on the computer

Open a command prompt and run «set». Then copy and paste the results into your problem report.

I’d be better to collect the «all users» environment from the system control panel, but it’s not easy to just dump this information.

Media failure is one of the crucial things that the database administrator should be aware of. Media failure is nothing but a physical problem reading or writing to files on the storage medium.

A typical example of media failure is a disk head crash, which causes the loss of all files on a disk drive. All files associated with a database are vulnerable to a disk crash, including datafiles, wal files, and control files.

This is the comprehensive post which focuses on disk failure in PostgreSQL and the ways you can retrieve the data from PostgreSQL Database after failure(other than restoring the backup).

In this post, we are going to do archaeology on the below error and will understand how to solve the error.

WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 21135 but expected 3252
ERROR: invalid page in block 0 of relation base/13455/16395

During the process, you are going to learn a whole new bunch of stuff in PostgreSQL.

PostgreSQL Checksum: The definitive guide

• Chapter 1: What is a checksum?
• Chapter 2: PostgreSQL checksum: Practical implementation
• Chapter 3: How to resolve the PostgreSQL corrupted page issue?

With v9.3, PostgreSQL introduced a feature known as data checksums and it has undergone many changes since then. Now we have a well-sophisticated view in PostgreSQL v12 to find the checksums called pg_checksums.

But what is a PostgreSQL checksum?

When the checksum is enabled, a small integer checksum is written to each “page” of data that Postgres stores on your hard drive. Upon reading that block, the checksum value is recomputed and compared to the stored one.

This detects data corruption, which (without checksums) could be silently lurking in your database for a long time.

Good, checksum, when enabled, detects data corruption.

How does PostgreSQL checksum work?

PostgreSQL maintains page validity primarily on the way in and out of its buffer cache.

Also read: A comprehensive guide – PostgreSQL Caching

From here we understood that the PostgreSQL page has to pass through OS Cache before it leaves or enters into shared buffers. So page validity happens before leaving the shared buffers and before entering the shared buffers.

when PostgreSQL tries to copy the page into its buffer cache then it will (if possible) detect that something is wrong, and it will not allow page to enter into shared buffers with this invalid 8k page, and error out any queries that require this page for processing with the ERROR message

ERROR: invalid page in block 0 of relation base/13455/16395

If you already have a block with invalid data at disk-level and its page version at buffer level, during the next checkpoint, while page out, it will update invalid checksum details but which is rarely possible in real-time environments.

confused, bear with me.

And finally,

If the invalid byte is part of the PostgreSQL database buffer cache, then PostgreSQL will quite happily assume nothing is wrong and attempt to process the data on the page. Results are unpredictable; Some times you will get an error and sometimes you may end up with wrong data.

How PostgreSQL Checks Page Validity?

In a typical page, if data checksums are enabled, information is stored in a 2-byte field containing flag bits after the page header.

Also Read: A comprehensive guide on PostgreSQL: page header 

This is followed by three 2-byte integer fields (pd_lower, pd_upper, and pd_special). These contain byte offsets from the page start to the start of unallocated space, to the end of unallocated space, and to the start of the special space.

The checksum value typically begins with zero and every time reading that block, the checksum value is recomputed and compared to the stored one. This detects data corruption.

Checksums are not maintained for blocks while they are in the shared buffers – so if you look at a buffer in the PostgreSQL page cache with pageinspect and you see a checksum value, note that when you do page inspect on a page which is already in the buffer, you may not get the actual checksum. The checksum is calculated and stamped onto the page when the page is written out of the buffer cache into the operating system page cache.

Also read: A comprehensive guide – PostgreSQL Caching

Let’s work on the practical understanding of whatever we learned so far.

I have a table check_corruption wherein I am going to do all the garbage work.

•  my table size is 8 kB.
•  has 5 records.
•  the version I am using is PostgreSQL v12.

First, check whether the checksum is enabled or not?

[postgres@stagdb ~]$ pg_controldata -D /u01/pgsql/data | grep checksum
Data page checksum version: 0
[postgres@stagdb ~]$

It is disabled.

Let me enable the page checksum in PostgreSQL v12.

Syntax: pg_checksums -D /u01/pgsql/data –enable –progress –verbose

Again, check the status of checksums in PostgreSQL

[postgres@stagdb ~]$
[postgres@stagdb ~]$ pg_controldata -D /u01/pgsql/data | grep checksum
Data page checksum version: 1
[postgres@stagdb ~]$

we can disable the checksums with –disable option

Let’s first check the current data directory for errors, then play with data.

To check the PostgreSQL page errors, we use the following command.

pg_checksums -D /u01/pgsql/data –check

[postgres@stagdb ~]$ pg_checksums -D /u01/pgsql/data –check
Checksum operation completed
Files scanned: 969
Blocks scanned: 3006
Bad checksums: 0
Data checksum version: 1
[postgres@stagdb ~]$

Warning!! Do not perform the below case study in your production machine.

As the table check_corruption data file is 16490, I am going to corrupt the file with the Operating system’s dd command.

dd bs=8192 count=1 seek=1 of=16490 if=16490

[postgres@stagdb 13455]$ dd bs=8192 count=1 seek=1 of=16490 if=16490

Now, log in and get the result

I got the result, but why?

I got the result from shared buffers. Let me restart the cluster and fetch the same.

/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl restart -D /u01/pgsql/data

But again why?

As we discussed earlier, during restart my PostgreSQL has replaced error checksum with the value of shared buffer.

How can we trigger a checksum warning?

We need to get that row out of shared buffers. The quickest way to do so in this test scenario is to restart the database, then make sure we do not even look at (e.g. SELECT) the table before we make our on-disk modification. Once that is done, the checksum will fail and we will, as expected, receive a checksum error:

i.e., stop the server, corrupt the disk and start it.

• /usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl stop -D /u01/pgsql/data
• dd bs=8192 count=1 seek=1 of=16490 if=16490
• /usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl start -D /u01/pgsql/data

During the next fetch, I got below error

postgres=# select * from check_corruption;
2020-02-06 19:06:17.433 IST [25218] WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 39428 but expected 39427
WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 39428 but expected 39427
2020-02-06 19:06:17.434 IST [25218] ERROR: invalid page in block 1 of relation base/13455/16490
2020-02-06 19:06:17.434 IST [25218] STATEMENT: select * from check_corruption;
ERROR: invalid page in block 1 of relation base/13455/16490

Let us dig deeper into the issue and confirm that the block is corrupted

There are a couple of ways you can find the issue which includes Linux commands like

• dd
• od
• hexdump

Usind dd command : dd if=16490 bs=8192 count=1 skip=1 | od -A d -t x1z -w16 | head -1

[postgres@stagdb 13455]$ dd if=16490 bs=8192 count=1 skip=1 | od -A d -t x1z -w16 | head -2
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
8192 bytes (8.2 kB) copied, 4.5e-05 seconds, 182 MB/s
0000000 00 00 00 00 a0 fc 7e 01 03 9a 00 00 2c 00 80 1d >……~…..,…<

here,

00 00 00 00 a0 fc 7e 01 the first 8 bytes indicate pd_lsn and the next two bytes

03 9a indicates checksums.

Using hexdump : hexdump -C 16490 | head -1

[postgres@stagdb 13455]$ hexdump -C 16490 | head -1
00000000 00 00 00 00 a0 fc 7e 01 03 9a 00 00 2c 00 80 1d |……~…..,…|
[postgres@stagdb 13455]$

Both hexdump and dd returned same result.

Let’s understand what our PostgreSQL very own pg_checksums has to say?

command: pg_checksums -D /u01/pgsql/data –check

[postgres@stagdb 13455]$ pg_checksums -D /u01/pgsql/data –check
pg_checksums: error: checksum verification failed in file “/u01/pgsql/data/base/13455/16490”, block 1: calculated checksum 9A04 but block contains 9A03
Checksum operation completed
Files scanned: 968
Blocks scanned: 3013
Bad checksums: 1
Data checksum version: 1
[postgres@stagdb 13455]$

here, according to pg_checksums checksum 9A03 is matching with that of hexdump’s checksum 9A03.

Converting Hex 9A03 to decimals, I got 39427

which is matching the error

2020-02-06 19:06:17.433 IST [25218] WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 39428 but expected 39427

How to resolve the PostgreSQL corrupted page issue?

use the below function to find the exact location where the page is corrupted.

Now, using the function find_bad_row(), you can find the ctid of the corrupted location.

you need hstore extension to use the function

postgres=# CREATE EXTENSION hstore;
CREATE EXTENSION
postgres=#

postgres=# select find_bad_row(‘check_corruption’);
2020-02-06 19:44:24.227 IST [25929] WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 39428 but expected 39427
2020-02-06 19:44:24.227 IST [25929] CONTEXT: PL/pgSQL function find_bad_row(text) line 21 at FETCH
WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 39428 but expected 39427
NOTICE: LAST CTID: (0,5)
NOTICE: XX001: invalid page in block 1 of relation base/13455/16490
find_bad_row
————–
(0,5)
(1 row)

Deleting that particular CTID will resolve the issue

postgres=# delete from check_corruption where ctid='(0,6)’;
DELETE 1
postgres=#

If deleting ctid has not worked for you, you have an alternative solution which is setting zero_damaged_pages parameter.

Example.,

postgres=# select * from master;
WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 8770 but expected 8769
ERROR: invalid page in block 1 of relation base/13455/16770
postgres=#

I can’t access the data from table master as block is corrupted.

Solution:

postgres=# SET zero_damaged_pages = on;
SET

postgres=# vacuum full master;

here, it cleared the damaged page and gave the rest of the result.

What your document has to say?

zero_damaged_pages (boolean): Detection of a damaged page header normally causes PostgreSQL to report an error, aborting the current transaction. Setting zero_damaged_pages to on causes the system to instead report a warning, zero out the damaged page in memory, and continue processing. This behavior will destroy data, namely all the rows on the damaged page. However, it does allow you to get past the error and retrieve rows from any undamaged pages that might be present in the table. It is useful for recovering data if corruption has occurred due to a hardware or software error. You should generally not set this on until you have given up hope of recovering data from the damaged pages of a table. Zeroed-out pages are not forced to disk so it is recommended to recreate the table or the index before turning this parameter off again. The default setting is off, and it can only be changed by a superuser.

There are a couple of things to be aware when using this feature though. First, using checksums has a cost in performance as it introduces extra calculations for each data page (8kB by default), so be aware of the tradeoff between data security and performance when using it.

There are many factors that influence how much slower things are when checksums are enabled, including:

1. How likely things are to be read from shared_buffers, which depends on how large shared_buffers is set, and how much of your active database fits inside of it
2. How fast your server is in general, and how well it (and your compiler) are able to optimize the checksum calculation
3. How many data pages you have (which can be influenced by your data types)
4. How often you are writing new pages (via COPY, INSERT, or UPDATE)
5. How often you are reading values (via SELECT)

The more that shared buffers are used (and using them efficiently is a good general goal), the less checksumming is done, and the less the impact of checksums on database performance will be. On an average if you enable checksum the performance cost would be more than 2% and for inserts, the average difference was 6%. For selects, that jumps to 19%. Complete computation benchmark test can be found here 

Bonus

You can dump the content of the file with pg_filedump before and after the test and can use diff command to analyze data corruption

1. pg_filedump -if 16770 > before_corrupt.txt
2. corrupt the disk block
3. pg_filedump -if 16770 > before_corrupt.txt
4. diff or beyond compare both the files.

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Media failure is one of the crucial things that the database administrator should be aware of. Media failure is nothing but a physical problem reading or writing to files on the storage medium.

A typical example of media failure is a disk head crash, which causes the loss of all files on a disk drive. All files associated with a database are vulnerable to a disk crash, including datafiles, wal files, and control files.

This is the comprehensive post which focuses on disk failure in PostgreSQL and the ways you can retrieve the data from PostgreSQL Database after failure(other than restoring the backup).

In this post, we are going to do archaeology on the below error and will understand how to solve the error.

WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 21135 but expected 3252
ERROR: invalid page in block 0 of relation base/13455/16395

During the process, you are going to learn a whole new bunch of stuff in PostgreSQL.

PostgreSQL Checksum: The definitive guide

• Chapter 1: What is a checksum?
• Chapter 2: PostgreSQL checksum: Practical implementation
• Chapter 3: How to resolve the PostgreSQL corrupted page issue?

With v9.3, PostgreSQL introduced a feature known as data checksums and it has undergone many changes since then. Now we have a well-sophisticated view in PostgreSQL v12 to find the checksums called pg_checksums.

But what is a PostgreSQL checksum?

When the checksum is enabled, a small integer checksum is written to each “page” of data that Postgres stores on your hard drive. Upon reading that block, the checksum value is recomputed and compared to the stored one.

This detects data corruption, which (without checksums) could be silently lurking in your database for a long time.

Good, checksum, when enabled, detects data corruption.

How does PostgreSQL checksum work?

PostgreSQL maintains page validity primarily on the way in and out of its buffer cache.

Also read: A comprehensive guide – PostgreSQL Caching

From here we understood that the PostgreSQL page has to pass through OS Cache before it leaves or enters into shared buffers. So page validity happens before leaving the shared buffers and before entering the shared buffers.

when PostgreSQL tries to copy the page into its buffer cache then it will (if possible) detect that something is wrong, and it will not allow page to enter into shared buffers with this invalid 8k page, and error out any queries that require this page for processing with the ERROR message

ERROR: invalid page in block 0 of relation base/13455/16395

If you already have a block with invalid data at disk-level and its page version at buffer level, during the next checkpoint, while page out, it will update invalid checksum details but which is rarely possible in real-time environments.

confused, bear with me.

And finally,

If the invalid byte is part of the PostgreSQL database buffer cache, then PostgreSQL will quite happily assume nothing is wrong and attempt to process the data on the page. Results are unpredictable; Some times you will get an error and sometimes you may end up with wrong data.

How PostgreSQL Checks Page Validity?

In a typical page, if data checksums are enabled, information is stored in a 2-byte field containing flag bits after the page header.

Also Read: A comprehensive guide on PostgreSQL: page header 

This is followed by three 2-byte integer fields (pd_lower, pd_upper, and pd_special). These contain byte offsets from the page start to the start of unallocated space, to the end of unallocated space, and to the start of the special space.

The checksum value typically begins with zero and every time reading that block, the checksum value is recomputed and compared to the stored one. This detects data corruption.

Checksums are not maintained for blocks while they are in the shared buffers – so if you look at a buffer in the PostgreSQL page cache with pageinspect and you see a checksum value, note that when you do page inspect on a page which is already in the buffer, you may not get the actual checksum. The checksum is calculated and stamped onto the page when the page is written out of the buffer cache into the operating system page cache.

Also read: A comprehensive guide – PostgreSQL Caching

Let’s work on the practical understanding of whatever we learned so far.

I have a table check_corruption wherein I am going to do all the garbage work.

•  my table size is 8 kB.
•  has 5 records.
•  the version I am using is PostgreSQL v12.

First, check whether the checksum is enabled or not?

[postgres@stagdb ~]$ pg_controldata -D /u01/pgsql/data | grep checksum
Data page checksum version: 0
[postgres@stagdb ~]$

It is disabled.

Let me enable the page checksum in PostgreSQL v12.

Syntax: pg_checksums -D /u01/pgsql/data –enable –progress –verbose

Again, check the status of checksums in PostgreSQL

[postgres@stagdb ~]$
[postgres@stagdb ~]$ pg_controldata -D /u01/pgsql/data | grep checksum
Data page checksum version: 1
[postgres@stagdb ~]$

we can disable the checksums with –disable option

Let’s first check the current data directory for errors, then play with data.

To check the PostgreSQL page errors, we use the following command.

pg_checksums -D /u01/pgsql/data –check

[postgres@stagdb ~]$ pg_checksums -D /u01/pgsql/data –check
Checksum operation completed
Files scanned: 969
Blocks scanned: 3006
Bad checksums: 0
Data checksum version: 1
[postgres@stagdb ~]$

Warning!! Do not perform the below case study in your production machine.

As the table check_corruption data file is 16490, I am going to corrupt the file with the Operating system’s dd command.

dd bs=8192 count=1 seek=1 of=16490 if=16490

[postgres@stagdb 13455]$ dd bs=8192 count=1 seek=1 of=16490 if=16490

Now, log in and get the result

I got the result, but why?

I got the result from shared buffers. Let me restart the cluster and fetch the same.

/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl restart -D /u01/pgsql/data

But again why?

As we discussed earlier, during restart my PostgreSQL has replaced error checksum with the value of shared buffer.

How can we trigger a checksum warning?

We need to get that row out of shared buffers. The quickest way to do so in this test scenario is to restart the database, then make sure we do not even look at (e.g. SELECT) the table before we make our on-disk modification. Once that is done, the checksum will fail and we will, as expected, receive a checksum error:

i.e., stop the server, corrupt the disk and start it.

• /usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl stop -D /u01/pgsql/data
• dd bs=8192 count=1 seek=1 of=16490 if=16490
• /usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl start -D /u01/pgsql/data

During the next fetch, I got below error

postgres=# select * from check_corruption;
2020-02-06 19:06:17.433 IST [25218] WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 39428 but expected 39427
WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 39428 but expected 39427
2020-02-06 19:06:17.434 IST [25218] ERROR: invalid page in block 1 of relation base/13455/16490
2020-02-06 19:06:17.434 IST [25218] STATEMENT: select * from check_corruption;
ERROR: invalid page in block 1 of relation base/13455/16490

Let us dig deeper into the issue and confirm that the block is corrupted

There are a couple of ways you can find the issue which includes Linux commands like

• dd
• od
• hexdump

Usind dd command : dd if=16490 bs=8192 count=1 skip=1 | od -A d -t x1z -w16 | head -1

[postgres@stagdb 13455]$ dd if=16490 bs=8192 count=1 skip=1 | od -A d -t x1z -w16 | head -2
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
8192 bytes (8.2 kB) copied, 4.5e-05 seconds, 182 MB/s
0000000 00 00 00 00 a0 fc 7e 01 03 9a 00 00 2c 00 80 1d >……~…..,…<

here,

00 00 00 00 a0 fc 7e 01 the first 8 bytes indicate pd_lsn and the next two bytes

03 9a indicates checksums.

Using hexdump : hexdump -C 16490 | head -1

[postgres@stagdb 13455]$ hexdump -C 16490 | head -1
00000000 00 00 00 00 a0 fc 7e 01 03 9a 00 00 2c 00 80 1d |……~…..,…|
[postgres@stagdb 13455]$

Both hexdump and dd returned same result.

Let’s understand what our PostgreSQL very own pg_checksums has to say?

command: pg_checksums -D /u01/pgsql/data –check

[postgres@stagdb 13455]$ pg_checksums -D /u01/pgsql/data –check
pg_checksums: error: checksum verification failed in file “/u01/pgsql/data/base/13455/16490”, block 1: calculated checksum 9A04 but block contains 9A03
Checksum operation completed
Files scanned: 968
Blocks scanned: 3013
Bad checksums: 1
Data checksum version: 1
[postgres@stagdb 13455]$

here, according to pg_checksums checksum 9A03 is matching with that of hexdump’s checksum 9A03.

Converting Hex 9A03 to decimals, I got 39427

which is matching the error

2020-02-06 19:06:17.433 IST [25218] WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 39428 but expected 39427

How to resolve the PostgreSQL corrupted page issue?

use the below function to find the exact location where the page is corrupted.

Now, using the function find_bad_row(), you can find the ctid of the corrupted location.

you need hstore extension to use the function

postgres=# CREATE EXTENSION hstore;
CREATE EXTENSION
postgres=#

postgres=# select find_bad_row(‘check_corruption’);
2020-02-06 19:44:24.227 IST [25929] WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 39428 but expected 39427
2020-02-06 19:44:24.227 IST [25929] CONTEXT: PL/pgSQL function find_bad_row(text) line 21 at FETCH
WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 39428 but expected 39427
NOTICE: LAST CTID: (0,5)
NOTICE: XX001: invalid page in block 1 of relation base/13455/16490
find_bad_row
————–
(0,5)
(1 row)

Deleting that particular CTID will resolve the issue

postgres=# delete from check_corruption where ctid='(0,6)’;
DELETE 1
postgres=#

If deleting ctid has not worked for you, you have an alternative solution which is setting zero_damaged_pages parameter.

Example.,

postgres=# select * from master;
WARNING: page verification failed, calculated checksum 8770 but expected 8769
ERROR: invalid page in block 1 of relation base/13455/16770
postgres=#

I can’t access the data from table master as block is corrupted.

Solution:

postgres=# SET zero_damaged_pages = on;
SET

postgres=# vacuum full master;

here, it cleared the damaged page and gave the rest of the result.

What your document has to say?

zero_damaged_pages (boolean): Detection of a damaged page header normally causes PostgreSQL to report an error, aborting the current transaction. Setting zero_damaged_pages to on causes the system to instead report a warning, zero out the damaged page in memory, and continue processing. This behavior will destroy data, namely all the rows on the damaged page. However, it does allow you to get past the error and retrieve rows from any undamaged pages that might be present in the table. It is useful for recovering data if corruption has occurred due to a hardware or software error. You should generally not set this on until you have given up hope of recovering data from the damaged pages of a table. Zeroed-out pages are not forced to disk so it is recommended to recreate the table or the index before turning this parameter off again. The default setting is off, and it can only be changed by a superuser.

There are a couple of things to be aware when using this feature though. First, using checksums has a cost in performance as it introduces extra calculations for each data page (8kB by default), so be aware of the tradeoff between data security and performance when using it.

There are many factors that influence how much slower things are when checksums are enabled, including:

1. How likely things are to be read from shared_buffers, which depends on how large shared_buffers is set, and how much of your active database fits inside of it
2. How fast your server is in general, and how well it (and your compiler) are able to optimize the checksum calculation
3. How many data pages you have (which can be influenced by your data types)
4. How often you are writing new pages (via COPY, INSERT, or UPDATE)
5. How often you are reading values (via SELECT)

The more that shared buffers are used (and using them efficiently is a good general goal), the less checksumming is done, and the less the impact of checksums on database performance will be. On an average if you enable checksum the performance cost would be more than 2% and for inserts, the average difference was 6%. For selects, that jumps to 19%. Complete computation benchmark test can be found here 

Bonus

You can dump the content of the file with pg_filedump before and after the test and can use diff command to analyze data corruption

1. pg_filedump -if 16770 > before_corrupt.txt
2. corrupt the disk block
3. pg_filedump -if 16770 > before_corrupt.txt
4. diff or beyond compare both the files.

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I am trying to upgrade postgres 9.5.4 to 10.1 on Ubuntu 14. The data directory for 9.5.4 is /var/lib/postgresql/data/postgresql0

The steps that I have followed

Install postgres 10.1

ubuntu@van-platform:~/build-target/launcher$sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg main"
ubuntu@van-platform:~/build-target/launcher$wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | sudo apt-key add -
ubuntu@van-platform:~/build-target/launcher$ OK
ubuntu@van-platform:~/build-target/launcher$sudo apt-get update
...
ubuntu@van-platform:~/build-target/launcher$sudo apt-get install postgresql-10
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  comerr-dev krb5-multidev libgssrpc4 libkadm5clnt-mit9 libkadm5srv-mit9
  libkdb5-7
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
The following extra packages will be installed:
  libpq-dev libpq5 postgresql-client-10 postgresql-client-common
  postgresql-common
Suggested packages:
  postgresql-doc-10 locales-all
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  postgresql-10 postgresql-client-10
The following packages will be upgraded:
  libpq-dev libpq5 postgresql-client-common postgresql-common
4 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 14 not upgraded.
Need to get 6,595 kB of archives.
After this operation, 26.7 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg/main libpq-dev amd64 10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1 [241 kB]
Get:2 http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg/main libpq5 amd64 10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1 [157 kB]
Get:3 http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg/main postgresql-common all 188.pgdg14.04+1 [220 kB]
Get:4 http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg/main postgresql-client-common all 188.pgdg14.04+1 [81.5 kB]
Get:5 http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg/main postgresql-client-10 amd64 10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1 [1,282 kB]
Get:6 http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ trusty-pgdg/main postgresql-10 amd64 10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1 [4,613 kB]
Fetched 6,595 kB in 4s (1,473 kB/s)        
Preconfiguring packages ...
(Reading database ... 102799 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libpq-dev_10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libpq-dev (10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1) over (9.5.4-1.pgdg14.04+1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../libpq5_10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libpq5:amd64 (10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1) over (9.5.4-1.pgdg14.04+1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql-common_188.pgdg14.04+1_all.deb ...
Leaving 'diversion of /usr/bin/pg_config to /usr/bin/pg_config.libpq-dev by postgresql-common'
Unpacking postgresql-common (188.pgdg14.04+1) over (175.pgdg14.04+1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql-client-common_188.pgdg14.04+1_all.deb ...
Unpacking postgresql-client-common (188.pgdg14.04+1) over (175.pgdg14.04+1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package postgresql-client-10.
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql-client-10_10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking postgresql-client-10 (10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package postgresql-10.
Preparing to unpack .../postgresql-10_10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking postgresql-10 (10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-16) ...
Setting up libpq5:amd64 (10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1) ...
Setting up libpq-dev (10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1) ...
Setting up postgresql-client-common (188.pgdg14.04+1) ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/postgresql-common/user_clusters ...
Setting up postgresql-common (188.pgdg14.04+1) ...

Configuration file '/etc/logrotate.d/postgresql-common'
 ==> File on system created by you or by a script.
 ==> File also in package provided by package maintainer.
   What would you like to do about it ?  Your options are:
    Y or I  : install the package maintainer's version
    N or O  : keep your currently-installed version
      D     : show the differences between the versions
      Z     : start a shell to examine the situation
 The default action is to keep your current version.
*** postgresql-common (Y/I/N/O/D/Z) [default=N] ? Y
Installing new version of config file /etc/logrotate.d/postgresql-common ...
Replacing config file /etc/postgresql-common/createcluster.conf with new version
 * Starting PostgreSQL 9.5 database server                               [ OK ] 
Setting up postgresql-client-10 (10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1) ...
Setting up postgresql-10 (10.1-1.pgdg14.04+1) ...
Creating new PostgreSQL cluster 10/main ...
/usr/lib/postgresql/10/bin/initdb -D /var/lib/postgresql/10/main --auth-local peer --auth-host md5
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".

Data page checksums are disabled.

fixing permissions on existing directory /var/lib/postgresql/10/main ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok

Success. You can now start the database server using:

    /usr/lib/postgresql/10/bin/pg_ctl -D /var/lib/postgresql/10/main -l logfile start

Ver Cluster Port Status Owner    Data directory              Log file
10  main    5433 down   postgres /var/lib/postgresql/10/main /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-10-main.log
 * Starting PostgreSQL 10 database server                                [ OK ] 
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.19-0ubuntu6.13) ...

Create the new data directory

support@vrni-platform:~$ sudo -H -u postgres mkdir -p /var/lib/postgresql/10/data/postgresql0

Stop postgres

ubuntu@vrni-platform:~/build-target/launcher$ sudo service postgresql stop
     * Stopping PostgreSQL 10 database server                                [ OK ] 
     * Stopping PostgreSQL 9.5 database server                               [ OK ] 

Enable Checksum

support@vrni-platform:/tmp$ sudo -H -u postgres /usr/lib/postgresql/10/bin/pg_ctl -D /var/lib/postgresql/10/data/postgresql0 initdb -o '--data-checksums'
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".

Data page checksums are enabled.

fixing permissions on existing directory /var/lib/postgresql/10/data/postgresql0 ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok

WARNING: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or
--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.

Success. You can now start the database server using:

    /usr/lib/postgresql/10/bin/pg_ctl -D /var/lib/postgresql/10/data/postgresql0 -l logfile start

On trying to check for upgrade viability with the below command

sudo -H -u postgres /usr/lib/postgresql/10/bin/pg_upgrade 
   -b /usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin 
   -B /usr/lib/postgresql/10/bin 
   -d /var/lib/postgresql/data/postgresql0 
   -D /var/lib/postgresql/10/data/postgresql0 
   -o ' -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/9.5/main/postgresql.conf' 
   -O ' -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/10/main/postgresql.conf' --check

It is failing with the below error in pg_upgrade_server.log

command: "/usr/lib/postgresql/9.5/bin/pg_ctl" -w -l "pg_upgrade_server.log" -D "/var/lib/postgresql/data/postgresql0" -o "-p 50432 -b  -c config_file=/etc/postgresql/9.5/main/postgresql.conf -c listen_addresses='' -c unix_socket_permissions=0700 -c unix_socket_directories='/tmp'" start >> "pg_upgrade_server.log" 2>&1
waiting for server to start....2017-11-14 15:27:31 UTC [16239-1] LOG:  database system was shut down at 2017-11-14 15:16:43 UTC
2017-11-14 15:27:31 UTC [16239-2] LOG:  MultiXact member wraparound protections are now enabled
2017-11-14 15:27:31 UTC [16238-1] LOG:  database system is ready to accept connections
........................................................... stopped waiting
pg_ctl: could not start server 

Can someone let me know what I am doing wrong and how can I get around this error?

У меня есть экземпляр postgresql 9.3, который я хочу обновить до postgresql 10. У меня есть команда, которая, как мне кажется, должна работать, но она включает в себя контрольные суммы. В моем старом экземпляре не включены контрольные суммы (может ли это вообще быть? Забудьте, это было слишком давно), и это мешает моему пробному запуску работать правильно.

Сообщение об ошибке

Performing Consistency Checks on Old Live Server
------------------------------------------------
Checking cluster versions                                   ok

old cluster does not use data checksums but the new one does
Failure, exiting

Моя команда лишена реальных путей

time ${PGBINNEW}/pg_upgrade --old-bindir=${PGBINOLD} --new-bindir=${PGBINNEW} --old-datadir=${PGDATAOLD} --new-datadir=${PGDATANEW} --old-port=${PGPORT} --new-port=${PGPORT} --jobs=$(nproc | awk '{ {print ($1 > 4) ? 4 : ($1 == 1 ? 1 : $1 - 1)} }') --link --username=postgres --check

Что я могу сделать, чтобы решить эту проблему?

По умолчанию страницы данных не защищены контрольными суммами,но опционально это можно включить для кластера.Если эта функция включена,каждая страница данных содержит контрольную сумму,которая обновляется при записи страницы и проверяется при каждом ее чтении.Контрольными суммами защищены только страницы данных;внутренние структуры данных и временные файлы не защищены.

Контрольные суммы обычно включаются, когда кластер инициализируется с помощью initdb . Их также можно включить или отключить позже в качестве автономной операции. Контрольные суммы данных включены или отключены на уровне всего кластера и не могут быть указаны отдельно для баз данных или таблиц.

Текущее состояние контрольных сумм в кластере можно проверить, просмотрев значение переменной конфигурации data_checksums, доступной только для чтения, с помощью команды SHOW data_checksums .

При попытке восстановления после повреждения страницы может потребоваться обойти защиту контрольной суммы. Для этого временно установите параметр конфигурации ignore_checksum_failure .

---

PostgreSQL

15.0

• 53.65. pg_user_mapping

  Каталог pg_user_mapping хранит данные из локального удаленного каталога.

• 53.1. Overview

  В таблице 53.1 перечислены системные каталоги.

• F.10. citext

  Модуль citext предоставляет тип строки символов без учета регистра,Рассмотрим использование недетерминированных колляций (см.раздел 24.2.2.4)вместо этого

• 21.15.Проблемы аутентификации

  Сбои аутентификации и связанные с ними проблемы обычно проявляются в виде следующих сообщений об ошибках:Это то,что вы,скорее всего,получите